The Anunnaki: The Seven Great Gods

“Those Who From Heaven to Earth Came”
“The Shining Ones”

For those who are unfamiliar as to who are the Anunnaki the following is a brief definition. The Anunnaki are the pantheon of Sumerian gods. Depending where you get your information and what epics are being referenced the total number varies, but the ones most important are the seven great gods as pictured above. It is mainly these seven that comprise most of the Sumerian epics. In the later Babylonian epics these gods have their counterparts plus the god Marduk who is the Swiss army knife of all gods. He does it all. He creates the world by defeating Tiamat, he creates the first humans, dethrones a top Sumerian god and declares Babylon as the center of the world. Not bad. The following definitions for the individual Anunnaki are my personal take on these great gods. You will not find these definitions anywhere else but here.

An - Angelic/Rebel
As based on a pre-historical figure, most likely Caligastia the now defunct and dysfunctional ex-Planetary Prince. At the time of the rebellion he was proclaimed by his subordinate as "God of Urantia and supreme over all." (Urantia Book p755)
An is at the top as a creator god of the Sumerian pantheon but he is more like a retired god and may be the prototype for El. Distant in the affairs of humankind.
No home town. AKA Anu, Anus and the father of the gods
His palace is at the top in the heavens of the axis mundi.

Enlil - Watcher/Rebel
As based on a pre-historical figure, most likely Nod namesake to the "land of Nod" east of Eden. One of the leaders in the 100 (the commission on industry and trade). Most often second in command but also older half brother to Enki. Not the most popular god around as he is the one responsible for the Sumerian flood to wipe out the noisy humans. In some epics he is responsible for the mes. Marduk, a younger upstart Babylonian god, wrested the axis mundi from Enlil to his own temple Esagil at Babylon. According to Babylonian epics Marduk is Enki's son. Sweet.
Home town is Nippur at one time the spiritual center of Sumeria. AKA Ellil and the king of the Anunnaki/Lord of the Sky
His palace is in the middle of the axis mundi.

Enki - Watcher/Loyalist
As based on a pre-historical figure, most likely Van as in the Kingdom of Van and Lake Van. One of the leaders in the 100 (the supreme court of tribal co-ordination and racial co-operation). Like Enlil he was deemed the keeper of the mes which are the declarations of civilization. A popular god who saved humanity from the Sumerian flood and other disasters. Although titled Lord of the Earth he is associated with sweet water as opposed to salt water.
Home town is Eridu the first Sumerian city. AKA Ea and the Lord of the Earth
His palace is in the abyss at the bottom of the axis mundi.
Read more on Van as Enki on the page Van.

Inanna - Adamic/Loyalist
As based on a pre-historical figure, most likely Eve. Sometimes referred to as the Earth Goddess. As a "late comer" she may have been grafted onto an earlier version of the Goddess. Origin of the Earth Goddess is not certain but may date from deep into the Paleolithic. Despite her lower status within the Anunnaki pantheon she wields great power. Her strongest associations are with the sacred tree, the serpent and the bestower of kingship. She was also a very popular goddess.
Home town is Erech/Uruk (along with Gilgamesh). AKA Ishtar and the Goddess of Love and War and the Queen of Heaven
Read more on Eve as Inanna on the page The Tree of Life.

Utu - Adamic/Loyalist
As based on a pre-historical figure, most likely Adam. As Genesis states Adam was an agriculturalist. As Utu the Sun god he has many roles which include agriculture. Like his "sister" Inanna he too is of a lower rank. This may be due to the lateness of their arrival after the rebellion with An, Enlil and Enki being far older gods with their standings within the 100 or the fact that Adam and Eve are not Nodite. However, they were superhuman and thus their importance to the Sumerian pantheon.
Home town probably none as he was always rising in the east and setting in the west. AKA Shamash and the god of justice
Read more on the symbolic connection of Adam as Utu and Eve as Inanna on the page The Sun and Rosette

Nanna - Nodite?/Aboriginal?
As based on a pre-historical figure, unknown but is male. May have been included within the pantheon due to the importance to the hunter/gatherers. Would have had an ancient tradition prior to agriculture. "Before Dilmun existed, palm trees grew in my city" so says Nanna in the Sumerian epic The Journey of Nanna to Nippur. May have kept power because he was a lunar marker of religious feasts/festivals (Easter partly follows the lunar calendar). In the Sumerian texts he is the father of Inanna and Utu. Associated with Astrology because of his connection to the lunar calendar and cycle.
Home towns Ur and Harran. AKA Sin and as the Lord of Wisdom

Ninhursag - Watcher?/Nodite?
As based on a pre-historical figure, unknown. She could be one of the oldest goddesses as she personifies the earth as Ki at the time of creation. Her symbol is an omega shape that represents the uterus (the womb of creation). In the epic Enki and Ninmah (Ninmah as Ninhursag) they try to create the first humans from clay. Her interactions with Enki may have more to do with Dilmun than with Eden.
Home town unknown but could be Kish. AKA Aruru and the mother of the gods

"The sixty members of the planetary staff who went into rebellion chose Nod as their leader. They worked wholeheartedly for the rebel Prince but soon discovered that they were deprived of the sustenance of the system life circuits. They awakened to the fact that they had been degraded to the status of mortal beings. They were indeed superhuman but, at the same time, material and mortal." (Urantia Book p 757)

"Enoch elaborates with the leading Watcher, Semjaza, in fear of receiving all blame for their passions:
Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: “I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin.” And they all answered him and said: “Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing.” Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it." ( Enoch 6:4-7)

"Laurence Gardner [2] has written: “Every item of written and pictorial attestation confirms that the ancient Sumerians were absolutely sincere about the existence of the Anunnaki, and those such as Enki, Enlil, Nin-khursag and Inanna fulfilled earthly functions with designated community duties. They were patrons and founders; they were teachers and justices; they were technologists and kingmakers. They were jointly and severally venerated as archons and masters, but there were certainly not idols of religious worship as the ritualistic gods of subsequent cultures became. In fact, the word which was eventually translated to become ‘worship’ was avod, which meant quite simply, ‘work’. The Anunnaki presence may baffle historians, their language may confuse linguists and their advanced techniques may bewilder scientists, but to dismiss them is foolish. The Sumerians have themselves told us precisely who the Anunnaki were, and neither history nor science can prove otherwise.” "
(http://www.geocities.com/elchasqui_2/Genesiskings7.html)

"Fundamental to anything regarding the Sumerians are their gods and goddesses, whom as a group they called the Anunnaki (literally, “those who from heaven to earth came”). As in any later pantheon, the Anunnaki consisted of a number of very different personalities, that clashed with each other often and in an enormous variety of ways. While their very distinct personalities can be used to establish Archetypes, all of the evidence suggests that the Anunnaki were historical figures and not mythological.
   The Sumerian Family Tree, in fact, distinguishes between those Gods and Goddesses who were born on earth (the new generation) and those born in heaven. The Sumerian texts also describe the Epic of Creation (of which Genesis is a condensed version), as well as a continuing semi-sibling rivalry between Enki and Enlil, their offspring, and those humans who voluntarily or otherwise began the process of choosing up sides."
(http://www.halexandria.org/dward183.htm)

"For over a millennium, about 5000 years ago, there was one dominant and unchanging belief in what we would today call a religion. In this ancient time religion and culture were identical. The leaders and rulers of men were described as being in intimate contact with the "gods," who were collectively known as Anunaki. The growing dictionary of words and meanings that was being compiled by the translations of the Nippur fragments quickly hinted to something extraordinary. That the ancient "gods" took their name from "Anu," meaning heaven, and "ki," which means earth. Literally, they were "those who came from heaven to earth.""
(http://www.viewzone.com/origins.html)

"Thus freed from all burdens [Marduk created man as their slave], the gods wanted to show their gratitude to Marduk, and as a token they took, of their own free will, for one last time, spade in hand to build Babylon and Marduk's temple Esagila. In the new temple the gods then assembled and distributed the celestial and terrestrial offices. The "great gods" went into session and permanently appointed the "seven gods of destinies," or better "of the decrees," who would formulate in final form the decrees enacted by the assembly." (From the Myth of Atrahasis)
(http://ragz-international.com/sumerian_and_akkadian_myths.htm)

"Marduk then announced his intention of building a city for himself, Babylon, with room for the gods when they come there for assembly. His fathers suggested that they move to Babylon themselves to be with him and help in the administration of the world he had created. Next, he pardoned the gods who had sided with Tiamat and had been captured, charging them with the building tasks. Grateful for their lives, they prostrated themselves before him, hailed him as king, and promised to do the building."
(http://ragz-international.com/sumerian_and_akkadian_myths.htm)

There are a lot of sites devoted to the legend of the Anunnaki. Almost all of it is myth. First are the Sitchen sites and how the Anunnaki came from Nibiru. Then there are the believers that the Anunnaki are from a reptilian race or have something to do with UFOs all of which is pure fantasy. The Anunnaki grew out of the legend of the Caligastia 100 and the Lucifer rebellion. One tipoff is the fact that they were a council with a leader (An). A very earthly arrangement that reflects a heavenly one and one they would have been very well aware of and fashioned themselves after:

"God's heavenly council was made up of angelic servants often called “sons of God” (Job 1:6; Job 2:1).
Micaiah saw the Lord sitting on His throne with “all the host of heaven” standing by to serve Him (1 Kings 22:19).
God sent these servants from the council from time to time to do His bidding (Job 1-2).
Satan, the adversary, was among these “sons of God” in the prologue to Job. In his vision Isaiah entered the council and received a commission to preach to his people (Isaiah 6:1).
The psalmist gave this insight into God's exalted being: “For who in the skies is comparable to the Lord? Who among the sons of the mighty is like the Lord, a God greatly feared in the council of the holy ones?” (Psalms 89:6-7 NAS).
Eliphaz questioned Job's status with God: “Have you listened in the council of God?” (Job 15:8).
For Jeremiah the sign of false prophets was that they had not “stood in the counsel of the Lord” (Jeremiah 23:18).
Had they done so they would have proclaimed God's word to God's people (Jeremiah 23:22).
The servants of the Lord in good standing are those who obey their Sovereign's will (Psalms 103:21; Psalms 148:1-6)."
(http://www.studylight.org/dic/hbd/view.cgi?number=T1427)

A council may have existed but not as the Sumerian tablets would have it. Not at the time of its supposed assembly (if it occurred right after the rebellion). By the time Inanna came onto the scene the original Anunnaki, those from the 100, would have been long gone (except Enki). No doubt the Nodites did have some type organized authority but it would not have included the goddess Inanna or perhaps even Enki. Inanna is not Nodite but Enki (Van) was a member of the 100 just like the earliest southern Nodites and therefore is of the culture of the Nodite race. Most likely this group of personalities were woven together as a vehicle of convenience and familiarity over a long period of time. It is obvious that the "canonization" of the Anunnaki is well after the establishment of the second garden. Now the council of the Sumerian Anunnaki would be seen as not entirely ancient Anunnaki, that is, Nodite - of the fallen although there is a very strong Nodite influence. It would be much more egalitarian including the Adamic and Vanite. It would certainly be appealing to the Andites and could even be of Andite heritage. This is not far fetched. The Andites appear at about 25,000 BC. Their bloodline includes both Adamic and Nodite. They may even be the "smarter humans" created by Ninhursag. They were smarter. By 3,000 BC the Adamite and Nodite bloodlines were quite blended and the stories about the Anunnaki reflect both cultures. The epics of the Anunnaki include much of what this web site is about. They are "those who from heaven came"- the arrival of the celestials, the antagonism between Enlil and Enki - the split at the time of the rebellion, allusions to the Tree of Life, immortality, the Garden of Eden, Dilmun and even the serpent are included. Despite conflicting stories within the Sumerian corpus it is remarkably consistent at least viewed from this site's perspective. This is not myth it is our lost history.

The Reigns of the First Kings
The reign of the first Sumerian kings are exceeding long a length that can only be called superhuman. "After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridu." This statement is from the Sumerian kings list. The first king was Alulim and he ruled for 28,800 years. But his was not the longest kingship as Enmen-lu-ana ruled for 43,200 years. It is because of these unbelievable long reigns that scholars do not put any credence into these dates. There are 19 total known kings lists and they do not match exactly. Not all kings that are known are on the list. Some kings are on some lists and not others. The Sumerian kings list relates numerically to the Biblical list of the patriarchs but differ enough that the Biblical list most likely was not copied from the Sumerian list. In fact it seems just the reverse. The antediluvian portion was written after the postdiluvian list. The extremely long lives of the earliest kings could be attributed to a scribe who mistakenly calculated the time line in the sexagesimal rather than the decimal notation. This is the current speculation. Zecharia Sitchen quotes 450,000 years for the arrival of the Anunnaki. It is most likely that the figure of 450,000 years is from one of the kings list. The one I looked at tallied 400,000 years. Here's what the Urantia Book says on this subject:

"... This lengthening of the reigns of these older kings signifies that some of the early Nodite rulers (immediate descendants of the Prince's staff) did live longer than their later-day successors and also indicates an effort to stretch the dynasties back to Dalamatia.
   The records of such long-lived individuals are also due to the confusion of months and years as time periods. This may also be observed in the Biblical genealogy of Abraham and in the early records of the Chinese. The confusion of the twenty-eight-day month, or season, with the later introduced year of more than three hundred and fifty days is responsible for the traditions of such long human lives." (Urantia Book p. 857-8)

Dalamatia the first city built on the earth dates back to about 500,000 years ago. It was destroyed by a tidal wave from the Persian Gulf. At 400,000 years ago it would have existed.

"And all of this explains how the Sumerians appeared so suddenly and mysteriously on the stage of action in Mesopotamia. Investigators will never be able to trace out and follow these tribes back to the beginning of the Sumerians, who had their origin two hundred thousand years ago after the submergence of Dalamatia. Without a trace of origin elsewhere in the world, these ancient tribes suddenly loom upon the horizon of civilization with a full-grown and superior culture, embracing temples, metalwork, agriculture, animals, pottery, weaving, commercial law, civil codes, religious ceremonial, and an old system of writing. At the beginning of the historical era they had long since lost the alphabet of Dalamatia, having adopted the peculiar writing system originating in Dilmun. The Sumerian language, though virtually lost to the world, was not Semitic; it had much in common with the so-called Aryan tongue." (Urantia Book p 860)

The Patriarchs
The Biblical antediluvian patriarchs were all from Mesopotamia. They are: Adam, Seth, Enos, Cainan, Mahaleel, Jared, Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech and Noah. These are the ten generations between the expulsion from the garden to the bringing of the flood - according to the Biblical record. Since these patriarchs lived in southern Mesopotamia they would have been exposed to the Sumerian stories of the flood, creation of the world, babe in the reeds, tower of Babel, the creation of humans from clay, the Land of Nod, the Nephilim and of course the Anunnaki. Coupled with that was the fact of the Jewish internment in Babylon after their capture and deportation by King Nebuchadnezzar (587 BC). They too would have been exposed to these same legends. Just a thought.

The Flood
There are five cities "before the flood" listed in the kings list. They are Eridu, Bad-Tibira, Larak, Sippar and Shuruppak. Eridu is listed as Sumeria's first city. Considering how conscientious and proud the Nodites were of their past history, Eridu most likely was their first city and that goes as well for the other four being the group of five first cities. Two locations however are in question and those are Bad-Tibira (aka Badgurgurru) and Larak which some archaeologists think is Larsa. But archaeologists have determined by the best of their abilities that the locations on the map below are correct. Click on it for a larger view. Some though do not think these cities have been located. In keeping with tradition these five cities were supposedly rebuilt over the foundations of the older cities. We still do this today. Eridu is regarded as the first city built by man. Shuruppak is the home town of Ziusudra who we know as Noah. These five cities are also chronicled in the "Eridu Genesis", that kingship descends from heaven and it describes the flood.

When surmising about the Nodite heritage there are some conclusions I have arrived at. First, the original 100 were well versed with the tools of civilization. When they arrived their mission was to help early man become civilized and they did work for this goal for an extremely long time. The rebellion destroyed almost all of their efforts but they still had the knowledge and skills within their culture. Second, the rebellion did not erase those memories of who they were and where they came from. If anything, in realizing their now mortality, they instilled that desire of remembrance for their former glory deep into their culture. It has been said that they (the Sumerians) "walked backward into the future" meaning they never forgot their past. For instance, Dilmun as the place of the garden for the gods was Dalamatia and is one marker for the memory that stretches back easily more than 200,000 years. As far as the kings list goes with the extraordinary length of kingly reigns they did in fact place it on the time line when Dalamatia existed. But I think this was just a lucky coincidence based on the fact that they were confused on the length of the year. But it is ironic that they were correct. The reign of kings when totaled does reach back to the age of Dalamatia. However, it also makes Eridu 400,000 years old. I doubt that.

Third, the Sumerians also wrote about the Garden of Eden with its sacred tree - another ancient memory and fairly accurate. The goddess Inanna had a holy garden in which a sacred tree was planted and from which she received her bed and throne, symbols of her power to grant kingship. It was cut down by Gilgamesh who in his epic searched for the plant of immortality. The Sumerians also mention the Plain of Eden later to be known as the Plain of Babylon. So the Sumerian cuneiform tablets contain much very ancient "history". The story of the flood is so powerful that it divides their history into two parts. Writing occurred just after the flood if you accept 5000 BC as this date (see below). Therefore, I think, is why the five pre-flood cities were known and mentioned. Given this part of Sumerian history we can only guess what else was kept alive and that seems to be the manifested "from out of nowhere" knowledge, creativity and inventiveness of these so suddenly appearing Sumerians.

The flood story is Mesopotamian.There is much historical data that floods, some severe, happened in Mesopotamia with the result that the first writings described them. Anyone who has looked at the current pictures of the war in Iraq will see it is flat as a pancake. So you have a flat alluvial plain with two great rivers running through it. Both rivers have their origin in the northern mountains and fed by melting snows and rain. Historians do not know exactly when the great flood occurred but some estimate that it could have been some time around 5000 BC. This is a very good guess considering our present day knowledge of climate change. Consider the following:

"Climate and environment
Climate in the Pleistocene. The motor of the general atmospheric circulation is the heating of the tropics and the evaporation of the tropical seas. The pleistocene is the geological period of cold climates (glaciers in the mountains and at high latitudes) that coincides with the cultural period, the paleolithic (Old Stone Age). Atmospheric circulation and the evaporation of the tropical seas, is `in low gear'. The monsoonal rains now watering the southernmost margins of the Near East, are retracted to lower latitudes and mid-latitude westerly storms carry little moisture. The ice-age at the latitude of the Near East is characterized by low evaporation and thus little precipitation. The large quantities of water held in the form of ice lowered the sea level to typical ~100 meter below present sea level."
(http://home.swipnet.se/~w-63448/mesopotam.htm)

Looking at the development of civilization the fertile crescent would be most environmentally conducive for the emergence of agriculture. At this time the higher elevations were snow capped with the glaciers locking up much of the moisture. The alluvial plains would be dry but the transitional zone between the two in the lower altitudes of the mountains ringing the Mesopotamian plane would favor not only agriculture but animal domestication as well. Also any early cities built near water on the plains and in particular the Persian Gulf would be in the future flood zone.

"The Würm ice-age made its last attack around 8000 BCE. The geological epoch starting then is called Holocene. Within a fairly short time (of order 1000 year) the world climate is basically the same as nowadays, with fluctuations on a large time scale. Recovery to normal temperature after an ice age is generally fast. It was even warmer and wetter than it ever has been since. The optimum of the warm and wet period (called Atlanticum, one of the subdivisions of the Holocene) is around 5000 BCE. It is the era in which England becomes an island again and northern Europe changes in marshland by the heavy rainfall. Modern shorelines are approximately reestablished. Coastal settlements earlier than 5000 BCE are now under water. During the Atlanticum westerly rainstorms stray deep into the desert zones of North Africa and the Near East. The present-day steppe areas were turned into green land. Many lakes are seen, in particular in Africa, that are now always dry. The distribution of the precipitation is the same as nowadays, only the absolute values change."
(ibid)

For those who date the flood at around 3200BC that is not supported by scientific evidence. In fact that period of time was one that was more dryer. Radiocarbon dating of sea floor sediment reveals less water and hence a drier climate.
See this URL for more information: (http://home.swipnet.se/~w-63448/mesopotam.htm)

The Ancient World Concept
To understand the flood as a world wide phenomenon we must understand the ancient concept of how the Sumerians understood their world. To begin with the universe was believed to be one huge and perhaps infinite salt ocean. Whether in the Bible or in the Sumerian tables the creation story is the same. First:
Genesis 1:6 "And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters."
Genesis 1:7 "And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so."
Genesis 1:8 "And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day."
Genesis 1:9 "And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let dry land appear: and it was so." (KJV)

Now to compare this creation story (which is one of two in Genesis, the Enuma Elish also has two versions) with what the Sumerians wrote in the poem The Creation of the Pickax:
"After heaven had been moved away from earth,
After earth had been separated from heaven,
After the name of man had been fixed;

After An had carried off heaven,
After Enlil had carried off earth,
After Ereshkigal had been carried off into Kur as its prize; ...

More form The Creation of the Pickax:
The lord, that which is appropriate verily he caused to appear,
The lord whose decisions are unalterable,
Enlil, who brings up the seed of the land from the earth,
Took care to move away heaven from earth,
Took care to move away earth from heaven.
In order to make grow the creature which came forth,
In the "bond of heaven and earth" (Nippur) he stretched out the . . ."

As we can see in both accounts of creation Heaven was separated from earth. A further explanation occurs in the Babylonian poem the Enuma Elish for the firmament in the context of Marduk's defeat of Tiamat where he "puts up a roof for the sky" from half of her body. As I understand it Tiamat although a terrible dragon-like creature represents salt water and her counterpart Aspu is fresh water. Also to the Sumerians there may have been land in the form of a mountain, the abode of the gods, but there may have been a beginning now lost where there was no land at the beginning of creation. The implication from The Creation of the Pickax is that there was land when "heaven was moved away from earth". In any case a vault of heaven was created, the firmament, and that now an atmosphere was present. In the Sumerian version it is Enlil who is the god of the air. Anu is the sky god.

The result of the world creation was to the Sumerians basically a flat circle of land surrounded by a river or ocean, a hemisphere above that was the firmament and a hemisphere below containing the underworld and the Aspu. The firmament is what it says it is, that it is a solid hemisphere holding back the cosmic ocean. It was on this firmament that the sun, moon and stars traveled upon. The main topical feature of the land was the two rivers running through it. This is hardly the world wide view we have today. A mighty flood would be a world flood. It must have been terrible, so massive as to split the recording of history into antediluvian and after the flood periods as we can see in the Sumerian kings list and other texts.

From the Myth of Atrahasis we have the Akkadian description of the flood:
      No one could see anyone else,
      They could not be recognized in the catastrophe.
      The Flood roared like a bull,
      Like a wild ass screaming the winds howled
      The darkness was total, there was no sun. 

       Nintu [a goddess] was wailing 
       Would a true father have given
       birth to the rolling sea
      (So that) they [humans] could clog the river like dragonflies
      They are washed up like a raft on a bank,
      They are washed up like a raft on a bank in open country!
      I have seen, and wept over them!
      Shall I (ever) finish weeping for them?'

After this great destruction Enlil when spotting the boat becomes distressed, "How did any man survive the catastrophe?"..."Enki made his voice heard And spoke to the great gods, I did it, in defiance of you! I made sure life was preserved..." It is at this point that the story breaks off and we do not know what happens to Atrahasis or his boat. The concept of a firmament, a flat world ringed by water and a hemispherical underworld survived to the times of the Greeks and Romans. The following are what I call the "round" maps and not straying that far in concept from Sumeria:

This map is Babylonian from about 600 BC. In the black and white illustration you can see that the center is Babylon represented as a black area with six cities on the perimeter as smaller black areas. Assyria is at the northern top and the marshes at the bottom. There are the two great rivers of Iraq running in parallel from north to south. Other illustrations have this band as representing the Euphrates only. A ring representing the encircling ocean of water is also present. This is the map of the world as the Sumerians and Babylonians knew it. It would be a template of how the world would be represented for almost the next thousand years. The notion of a flat earth can be found in the Bible, Daniel 4:10-11 KJV "And thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height therefore was great. The tree grew, and was strong, and the height therefore reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth:" The implication being that if the world were spherical then not everyone could see this great tree which is the world tree the axis mundi. They could all see it only if the world were flat. The prophet Daniel at this time was captive in Babylon during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar. The Egyptians had a similar view except they were the center of the universe. The Egyptian goddess Nut and the outstretched wings of the solar disk represented the firmament.
For more information on the ancient flat earth theory go to: http://www.edwardtbabinski.us/geocentrism/scientific_creationism.html.

"In the imagination of the Mesopotamians (the Sumerians, Elamites, Babylonians and Assyrians), the earth was a flat disc, surrounded by a rim of mountains and floating on an ocean of sweet water. Resting on these mountains was the hemispherical vault of the sky, across which moved the stars, the planets, the sun and the moon. Under the earth was another hemisphere containing the spirits of the dead. The Mesopotamians visualized the whole spherical world-universe as being immersed like a bubble in a limitless ocean of salt water."
(http://kl4www.ki.ku.dk/Samfund/Book.pdf)

For an interpretation of the Babylonian map from this website's perspective click here: Babylon Map

"Firmament by Rabbi Geoffrey W. Dennis
Hebrew "Rakia." God places a firmament between the waters of earth and the waters of heaven to separate them. Some say there are two firmaments, based on a Biblical verse (Deut. 10:14), but most teach there are seven. Later traditions identify the word rakia as referring to just one of the seven heavens, the level that holds the heavenly bodies."
(http://www.pantheon.org/articles/f/firmament.html)

The Firmament and the Seven Heavens:
"The idea that the heavens are multiple and stacked one above another was widespread among the ancient cultures of the world. Perhaps this came from a natural tendency to ask what lay above the dome of the sky and to imagine a hierarchy of additional skies in which the gods dwelled. But the number of heavens one finds in the world’s ancient mythologies was not necessarily seven. Lesser and greater numbers were imagined, too. The number of seven, or sometimes eight, first took hold in the Near East and eastern Mediterranean world as a blend of Babylonian astronomy and early Greek science.

It is true that, of the names for the seven heavens given by the tractate of Hagigah, all but the first, Vilon (which means “curtain” in rabbinic Hebrew), occurs in the Bible as a term, or part of a term, for God’s dwelling place. The word raki’a, generally translated as “firmament,” is found in the account of Creation in the first chapter of Genesis. Shehakim, which probably originally referred to clouds, is rendered by the King James Bible as “heaven” in the verse from Psalms, “Who in the heaven [ba’shehakim] can be compared unto the Lord.” Zevul means “mansion” or “habitation,” as when Isaiah calls upon God, “Look down from heaven and behold from the habitation of thy holiness [zevul kodshekha],” etc. Yet, in the Bible these are basically all synonyms. Nowhere do we find the idea that each refers to a specific heaven distinct from the others.

This concept we find only in rabbinic literature, where it plays an important role, especially in the early form of Jewish mystical thought known as “Hechalot” or “Palace” mysticism. In the Hechalot tradition, it is the task of the mystical initiate to ascend by meditative techniques through the seven heavens one after another, overcoming angelic challenges in each, and then to pass safely through the seven “palaces” of the seventh heaven in order to reach the base of God’s throne. Similar beliefs, each with a complex angelology, existed among various Gnostic sects in the Roman Empire and had some currency in early Christianity, too, at least to judge by Paul’s remark in Corinthians II that “I knew a man in Christ… [who was] caught up to the third heaven.” From Judaism and/or Christianity the idea also spread to Islam, so that we read in Sura 71 of the Quran, “See you not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another, and made the moon a light in their midst and made the sun a lamp?”

To be in “seventh heaven” is thus to reach the pinnacle of bliss. The expression has been around in English for a long time, although whether it got there from indigenous Christian sources, Jewish ones or Muslim ones, I don’t know. It almost certainly doesn’t come from in zibnten himl, since it’s older than the late 19th-century Yiddish-speaking immigration to the United States. Yet neither does in zibnten himl, which derives from internal Jewish traditions, come from it. Both go back to ancient beliefs that are thousands of years old."
(http://www.forward.com/articles/11110/ By Philologos. Questions for Philologos can be sent to philologos@forward.com.)

An Alternate view by Zecharia Sitchen on the Anunnaki
Sitchen has translated tablets about gods who came from heaven named the “Anunnaki” who came to earth over 450,000 years ago and about 250,000 years ago genetically engineered humans to become their slaves to mine gold for them. Other translations of the old myths such as the Old Babylonian  Myth of Atrahasis tell of the gods creating man to toil for them and how a great council was created to rule over mankind.

The Role of the Anunnaki
"Readers of my books must be smiling by now, for they know the answer.
They know that the biblical verses dealing with the fashioning of The Adam are condensed renderings of much much more detailed Sumerian and Akkadian texts, found inscribed on clay tablets, in which the role of the Elohim in Genesis is performed by the Anunnaki – “Those Who From Heaven to Earth Came.” anet (1976) and even more so in Genesis Revisited and The Cosmic Code, the Anunnaki came to Earth some 450,000 years ago from the planet Nibiru – a member of our own solar system whose great orbit brings it to our part of the heavens once every 3,600 years. They came here in need of gold, with which to protect their dwindling atmosphere. Exhausted and in need of help in mining the gold, their chief scientist Enki suggested that they use their genetic knowledge to create the needed Primitive Workers. When the other leaders of the Anunnaki asked: How can you create a new being? He answered:
"The being that we need already exists; all that we have to do is put our mark on it.”
The time was some 300,000 years ago.

What he had in mind was to upgrade genetically the existing hominids, who were already on Earth through Evolution, by adding some of the genes of the more advanced Anunnaki. That the Anunnaki, who could already travel in space 450,000 years ago, possessed the genomic science (whose threshold we have now reached) is clear not only from the actual texts but also from numerous depictions in which the double-helix of the DNA is rendered as Entwined Serpents (a symbol still used for medicine and healing) -- see illustration ‘A’ below [to the left].


When the leaders of the Anunnaki approved the project (as echoed in the biblical ”Let us fashion the Adam”), Enki with the help of Ninharsag, the Chief Medical Officer of the Anunnaki, embarked on a process of genetic engineering, by adding and combining genes of the Anunnaki with those of the already-existing hominids.
When, after much trial and error breathtakingly described and recorded in antiquity, a “perfect model” was attained, Ninharsag held him up and shouted: “My hands have made it!” An ancient artist depicted the scene on a cylinder seal (illustration ‘B’) [to the left]. And that, I suggest, is how we had come to possess the unique extra genes. It was in the image of the Anunnaki, not of bacteria, that Adam and Eve were fashioned."
(No URL for this quote from Zecharia Sitchen)

We know that Sitchen is led astray about Adam. The Urantia Book says (p. 742-3) that the legends of the creation of special bodies by the Life Carriers for the 100 became confused with the installation of Adam and Eve. Also, the tablets describe the adam or mankind not Adam of Adam and Eve. In Hebrew adam means man as a generic reference and Adam as a proper name.

It is easy to see why the two events became confused with one another creating a blending of the two stories. First is the repersonalization of the 100 and of Adam and Eve. Second, both are associated with the Tree of Life. Both contain a default story. Also they both have God/man/sex legends. And finally both are located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia.